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Diarrhoea

Diarrhoea

Diarrhoea is pretty common in young children. It usually passes after a day or two.

Causes

The most common cause of diarrhoea in children is a viral infection, such as in gastroenteritis (sometimes called ‘gastro’). Like vomiting, diarrhoea can go along with many infections, both bacterial and viral. Less commonly, it might be a sign of a more serious illness such as appendicitis.
Chronic or persistent diarrhoea might follow a bout of gastroenteritis. In this case, the diarrhoea might be caused by lactose intolerance. During a bout of gastro, the lining of the bowel wall is temporarily damaged, so that it can’t absorb complex sugars, including lactose, which is a part of milk. Lactose intolerance causes watery, often sweet-smelling diarrhoea, which might burn your child’s bottom.
Other causes of chronic diarrhoea include Giardia (a parasitic infection), coeliac disease, irritable bowel syndrome in older children, and other less common conditions. Some toddlers with chronic diarrhoea might be drinking too much fruit juice.
In many toddlers, no cause for the diarrhoea is found. This is called toddler’s diarrhoea.

Symptoms

Your child will have large, runny, frequent or watery poos. The colour of the poo might vary from brown to green, and the smell can be really nasty.
Diarrhoea might also be associated with tummy cramps or pain.
The most serious problem associated with diarrhoea is the possibility of it leading to dehydration.

When to see your doctor

It’s always a good idea to see your doctor if your child has diarrhoea, especially if your child is under three months old.

Tests

If the diarrhoea is caused by a specific virus, germ or parasite, a test of your child’s poo can reveal which of these is the problem.

Treatment

The most important thing when treating diarrhoea is to make sure that your child has enough to drink. Give your child only small drinks, but give drinks often. The best fluid to use is an oral rehydration fluid such as Gastrolyte, which can be bought over the counter from the chemist. Make sure that you make up the liquid carefully according to the instructions on the packet.
If you can’t get Gastrolyte, you can use diluted lemonade or fruit juice. Use one part of lemonade or juice to four parts of water. An alternative is to mix one level teaspoon of sugar in 120 ml of water. Full-strength lemonade or fruit juice might make the diarrhoea worse and can be harmful.
If you have a young breastfed baby, continue breastfeeding but offer extra oral rehydration fluid between feeds. If your baby is bottle-fed, give him oral rehydration fluid for the first 24 hours and then reintroduce full-strength milk, but give extra oral rehydration fluids between feeds.
Your child might refuse food to start with. But if your child’s hungry, you can give her food at the same time as oral rehydration. It’s generally best to start with bland foods such as plain biscuits, bread, rice, potato or jelly. Other foods can be added gradually.
Don’t treat your child with antidiarrhoeal agents. There’s no evidence to show that these treatments change or improve symptoms. Also, even if your child has diarrhoea caused by a bacterial infection, antibiotics aren’t normally necessary. In every case, your doctor will advise you about the best treatment option for your child. 
If your child is very dehydrated, he might need fluids to be given intravenously (directly into the vein) or through a tube that goes up his nose and into his stomach. In this case, he’ll have to go into hospital.
For diarrhoea associated with lactose intolerance, use a lactose-free milk (unless your child is still breastfed) until the diarrhoea improves. This condition usually sorts itself out within a few weeks as the lining of the bowel wall heals.

COLDS

Colds are a type of upper respiratory tract infection. These infections are the most common cause of illness in children (as well as in adults).

• Causes
• Symptoms
• When to see your doctor
• Tests
• Treatment
• Prevention

The average preschool child has at least six colds a year. Sometimes, especially in winter, it might seem that your child is sick for weeks at a time, barely getting over one cold before getting another one.
Young children are particularly prone to colds because they haven’t had a chance to build up immunity to the many viruses that cause colds. As your child grows older, he’ll gradually build up his immunity and get fewer colds.

Causes

Most colds are caused by a virus. In fact, there are over 200 types of virus that can cause the common cold. This is why you can’t be immunised against a cold.
The viruses that cause colds are spread by sneezing, coughing and hand contact.
Colds are more common in the winter months. Cold weather by itself doesn’t increase the chance of getting a cold, but people are in closer contact with each other because they stay indoors. This means they’re more likely to infect each other. Similarly, getting wet or chilled doesn’t cause a cold.

Symptoms

Cold symptoms are pretty much the same in children and adults. You might see one or more of the following:

• a stuffy or runny nose
• sneezing
• sore throat and ears
• cough
• headache
• red eyes
• swelling of lymph glands
• occasionally fever.

Often, your child will lose her appetite, and she might even feel sick or vomit. Your child might be miserable or irritable.
The actual symptoms will vary from child to child, and from illness to illness. Usually the symptoms will last anywhere from a few days to a week or more. Your child will usually recover fully without any problems.
Very occasionally there are complications, such as ear infection, laryngitis, croup, or a lower respiratory tract infection, such as bronchiolitis or pneumonia. These are relatively uncommon illnesses compared to the uncomplicated cold, which is widespread.

Cold symptoms are pretty much the same in children and adults. You might see one or more of the following:

• a stuffy or runny nose
• sneezing
• sore throat and ears
• cough
• headache
• red eyes
• swelling of lymph glands
• occasionally fever.

Often, your child will lose her appetite, and she might even feel sick or vomit. Your child might be miserable or irritable.
The actual symptoms will vary from child to child, and from illness to illness. Usually the symptoms will last anywhere from a few days to a week or more. Your child will usually recover fully without any problems.
Very occasionally there are complications, such as ear infection, laryngitis, croup, or a lower respiratory tract infection, such as bronchiolitis or pneumonia. These are relatively uncommon illnesses compared to the uncomplicated cold, which is widespread.

Ms Carla Mad
Direct Employer
Building Blocks Childcare Ltd.
24 Henley Drive, Kingston Upon thamne KT27EB
Kingston
Greater London.

Dear Ms Carla Mead.

 I am writing in reply to your advert for the Nursery Assitant Job, which was advertised in Building Block Childcare Ltd on Wednesday 29 February 2012 on Tuesday 30 April 2007, and I enclose my CV in application.

I am graduate in Early Year Higher Techinician. I've always wanted to work with children so for this reason I decide to make these studies. I have good marks in all subjects byt I obtaines an honors degree in cognitive and motor development and in personal autonomy and children health. I am fluent in spoken and written English because I have been studiying English for many years.

The job requires experience in the care of children I have experience in this type of activity because last summer I worked in a summer school as an instructor. Also I have to prepare crafts, fielal trips and esntrain and teach children. Now I coach a basketball team for young children three times a week, organizing daily work, games and matches.
And with my experience with children I have private tution for children whiles I was studiying

This job would give me the opportunity to use my education and skills, improve my experience and work every day with children teaching them and learning what they could offer me every day.

I look forward to hearing from you.

Yours sincerely

Cristina Pulido.

Change nappies

Exam T/F

Delta Electronics

[ J=Julia; MW= Mr Willard]
J: Delta Electronics. This is Customer Service, Julia speaking. How can I help you?
MW: Oh, hello. Do you sell ePhones?
J: Yes, we do. Would you like a catalogue?
MW: Yes, I would. Thanks.
J: Fine. I'll send you one right away. What´s your name?
MW: Willard.
J: Sorry, could you repeat that, please?
MW: Willard
J: How do you spell that?
MW: W-I-L-L-A-R-D
J: And could I have your phone number, please?
MW: 013348655